Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Jeong Sook Park

17 Articles

A Structural Equation Model of General High School Students’ Happiness: Mediation Effect of Self-esteem and Resilience: Seon Hyang Park, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(3):395-404. Published online September 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.3.395

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Purpose
This study was conducted to develop a predictive model for happiness of students in general high schools. The study was based on the theory of happiness integration and the literature review. Methods: Data were collected using a convenience sample of 231 first and second grade students in five general high schools in D city and K Province. The exogenous variables were optimism as personality factors, parenting attitude, academic stress and friend’s support as happiness. The endogenous variables were self-esteem and resilience as mediating variables, and happiness of students in general high schools. Data collection was done from March 14 to March 28, 2019. The AMOS 22.0 and SPSS programs were used to verify the validity of confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesis models.
Results
The factors that have the greatest influence on happiness of high school students are self-esteem and resilience. The explanatory power of happiness by these variables was 98.1%. The individual mediating effect and double mediation effect of these variables were found to be significant.
Conclusion
As student's optimistic personality, parent's positive parenting attitude, and friend’s support improve student's self-esteem and resilience, ultimately positively affecting high school students' happiness, so it is necessary to consider these factors and try to develop a happiness improvement program.

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A Structural Equation Model of Subjective Happiness in Menopausal Middle-aged Women
Soo Yeon Lee, Kuem Sun Han
Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2023; 32(3): 340. CrossRef
Adolescent Life Satisfaction Explained by Social Support, Emotion Regulation, and Resilience
Lorea Azpiazu Izaguirre, Arantzazu Rodríguez Fernández, Eider Goñi Palacios
Frontiers in Psychology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Reliability and Validity of the Korean version of the Pain in Older Adults Knowledge Survey (K-POAKS) among Nurses Who Have Worked in Long-term Care Hospitals: Young Seun Ryu, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2020;31(2):130-142. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2020.31.2.130

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Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Pain in Older Adults Knowledge Survey (K-POAKS) to assess knowledge of pain in older adults including people with dementia for use in long-term care hospital nurses.
Methods
Survey data were collected from a convenience sample of 179 nurses who have worked in long-term care hospitals in B, D and U cities. The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 for internal consistency for test reliability was conducted. The content, criterion-related and construct validity were evaluated using SPSS/WIN 22.0.
Results
The KR 20 was .75 and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was a range of 0.84~1.00. The criterion-related validity was positively correlated with attitudes (r=.28, p＜.001) and performance (r=.21, p=.004). The construct validity of K-POAKS was analyzed by conducting the principal component method using the exploratory factor analysis varimax rotation, and seven factors were derived above the eigenvalue of 1.0. The seven factors explained 58.5% of the total variation.
Conclusion
The Korean version of the POAKS showed satisfactory internal reliability, content validity, criterion-related validity and construct validity. These results suggest that the K-POAKS could be used as a suitable tool to measure the knowledge of the aged people’s pain, including that of dementia patients for long-term care hospital nurses.

Effects of a Health Promotion Empowerment Program Using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader on Frail Elders' Health and Empowerment: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2018;29(3):335-348. Published online September 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2018.29.3.335

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PURPOSE
This study has been conducted to develop and examine a health promotion empowerment program using a lay health leader for frail elderly.
METHODS
The research was organized in a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. Data collection was performed from August 18 to October 8, 2015. The subjects included 76 frail elders aged over 65 registered in home visiting services (Experimental group=39, Control group=37). A health promotion empowerment program using a resident volunteer as a lay health leader was run for 8 weeks. Health factors (health promotion behavior, perceived health status and frailty) and empowerment factors (empowerment, social participation) were assessed. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program.
RESULTS
After the program, health promotion behavior, perceived health status and social participation increased in the experimental group more significantly than in the control group, but frailty decreased in the experimental group greater than in the control group.
CONCLUSION
The health promotion empowerment program using a resident volunteer as a lay health leader was effective. Therefore, the health promotion empowerment program needs to be expanded to other frail elders. Also, a health leader should be recommended as a public health resource and systematically managed.

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Development and evaluation of the information and communication technology-based Loneliness Alleviation Program for community-dwelling older adults: A pilot study and randomized controlled trial
Jung Ae-Ri, Lee Kowoon, Park Eun-A
Geriatric Nursing.2023; 53: 204. CrossRef

Development and Evaluation of a Joint Health Self-management Program for the Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis in Communities: Applying the IMB Model: Young il Kim, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2017;28(1):55-68. Published online March 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.1.55

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a joint health self-management program for knee osteoarthritis elders in communities.
METHODS
This program was developed based on the IMB (information-motivationbehavioral skills) model. The program methods include education, setting and achieving goals, sharing experiences, telephone counseling, and self-monitoring. The topics of the program include joint assessment, exercise, massage, joint protection, medication, depression management, diet, and healthcare approach. The research was conducted following the principles of the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 26 subjects in the experimental group, and 27 subjects in the control group. The experimental group participated in the self-management program, and the control group received general education.
RESULTS
Both post-test scores of personal motivation, social motivation, behavior skill, self-management behavior, joint pain, joint stiffness, physical function disability, right knee extension, left knee extension, and depression were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study can be used to develop and standardize a systematic joint health self-management program. Further research is highly recommended to develop a strategy to continuously facilitate self-management of osteoarthritis patients' procedures.

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A predictive model for medication adherence in older adults with heart failure
Eun Ha Oh, Chun-Ja Kim, Elizabeth A Schlenk
European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
User evaluation of a mobile education application for the management of metabolic syndrome among cancer survivors
Ji-Su Kim, Minhae Kim, Yeji Seo
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 63: 102276. CrossRef
Home-Based Remote Rehabilitation Leads to Superior Outcomes for Older Women With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eun-Lee Lee, Myung Hun Jang, Byeong-Ju Lee, Sang Hun Han, Hoo Man Lee, Sang Ui Choi, Myung Jun Shin
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2023; 24(10): 1555. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of a Self-management Mobile App for Adults with Osteoarthritis
Ju Young Park, Jung Tae Son
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(1): 114. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Health-promoting Behavior of Nurses in Small and Medium-sized Hospitals based on the IMB Model
Jin Hee Jeong, Hye Kyung Lee
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2022; 25(2): 102. CrossRef
A Structural Equation Model on Standard Precautions Compliance of Nursing Students
Hey Jin Ha, Eun A Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2022; 33(3): 321. CrossRef
A preliminary study on the effects of an osteoporosis prevention program based on an Information-Motivation-Behavioral skill model in older adult women: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Yeongsuk Lee, Dong-Hee Kim
Geriatric Nursing.2022; 45: 55. CrossRef
Effect of a Physical Activity Promoting Program Based on the IMB Model on Obese-Metabolic Health Outcomes among Obese Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis
Jung-Suk Kim, Chun-Ja Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(2): 271. CrossRef
Development and evaluation of a self‐management application for patients with gout
Seung Gum Kang, Eun Nam Lee
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Affecting the Self-Management of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model
Hooyun Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Heejung Kim, Ho-Seon Kim, Hee-Soon Kim
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 234. CrossRef

Influence of Cellular Phone Videos and Games on Dry Eye Syndrome in University Students: Jeong Sook Park, Mi Jung Choi, Ji Eun Ma, Ji Hyun Moon, Hyo Jeong Moon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2014;25(1):12-23. Published online March 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.12

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to investigate influence of cellular phone videos and games on dry eye syndrome in university students.
METHODS
A randomized comparison group pre-post design is used. Sixty university students were randomly assigned to either a video or a game group. Frequencies of blinking, dry eye symptoms scores and amounts of tears were measured. Thirty subjects watched cellular phone video programmes and the other 30 subjects played cellular phone games for 61 minutes. In addition, frequencies of blinking were measured three times during treatment, once immediately after a treatment and twice at an interval of 20 minutes after subsequent treatments.
RESULTS
Post-test scores of frequencies of blinking significantly decreased, dry eye symptoms scores including amounts of tears significantly increased greater than pre-test scores in both groups. But there were no significant differences between the groups. Frequencies of blinking were significantly different with respect to the time spent using cellular phone. In both groups, the lowest frequencies of blinking were shown after 40 minutes of cellular phone use.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that using cellular phone has negative influence on dry eye syndrome and eyes require a resting period after cellular phone use over 40 minutes.

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Safety and efficacy of combined acupuncture (body and intradermal acupuncture) for dry eye disease: study protocol for a pilot, single-centre, assessor-blinded, randomised, artificial tear drop-controlled trial at Naju Dongshin University Korean Medicine
Ji-Hoon Song, Soo-Yeon Park
BMJ Open.2024; 14(1): e077913. CrossRef
Smartphone usage and overdependence risk among middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study
Su Hyun Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Chang-Hyung Lee, YounYoung Lee
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Smartphone gaming induces dry eye symptoms and reduces blinking in school-aged children
Ngozi Charity Chidi-Egboka, Isabelle Jalbert, Blanka Golebiowski
Eye.2023; 37(7): 1342. CrossRef
Blinking and normal ocular surface in school-aged children and the effects of age and screen time
Ngozi Charity Chidi-Egboka, Isabelle Jalbert, Peter Wagner, Blanka Golebiowski
British Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 107(11): 1613. CrossRef
Blink Rate Measured In Situ Decreases While Reading From Printed Text or Digital Devices, Regardless of Task Duration, Difficulty, or Viewing Distance
Ngozi Charity Chidi-Egboka, Isabelle Jalbert, Jiaying Chen, Nancy E. Briggs, Blanka Golebiowski
Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science.2023; 64(2): 14. CrossRef
Study on CVS Symptoms in 20s and 30s during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focusing on Some Visitors to Optical Shops
Sebin Yun, Tae Hun Kim
The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2023; 25(3): 301. CrossRef
To Compare and Analyze Refractive Error Before and After COVID-19 in Teenagers: Focusing on Jeonbuk Region
Sun-Mi Lee, Jung-Hee Kim
The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2023; 25(3): 283. CrossRef
A comparative investigator-initiated pilot study on the efficacy and safety of biodegradable microneedle acupuncture and conventional intradermal acupuncture for dry eye patient: A superiority, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial
Ji-Hoon Song, Soo-Yeon Park
Medicine.2022; 101(47): e31468. CrossRef
Impacts of Dry Eye Symptoms on Daily Life among University Students
Hyojin Kim
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2022; 27(2): 145. CrossRef
Management of Eye Strain Caused by Digital Devices Use
Jae-Sun Choi, Jeong-Mee Kim
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2022; 27(4): 269. CrossRef
The Impact of Excessive Use of Digital Devices During the Pandemic of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) Among Saudi Arabia Population
Abdulrahman A. Almuhwwis, Abdulelah A. Alshumaym, Majid A. Moafa, Mohammed Alluwimi, Mansour A. Alghamdi, Saif Hassan Alrasheed
The Open Ophthalmology Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Influencing Self-Recognition of Dry Mouth and Dry Eye
Hyungoo Kang, Yuyeon Jung
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2022; 27(4): 327. CrossRef
A Convergence Study of the Effect of Vision Correction on Forward Head Posture
Ji-Hyun Lee, Se-Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2022; 27(1): 51. CrossRef
Binocular Accommodation and Vergence Dysfunction in Children Attending Online Classes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Digital Eye Strain in Kids (DESK) Study-2
Amit Mohan, Pradhnya Sen, Chintan Shah, Krashan Datt, Elesh Jain
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus.2021; 58(4): 224. CrossRef
Management of Eye and Vision Symptoms Caused by Online Learning among College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic
Hyojin Kim, Se-Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2021; 26(1): 73. CrossRef
Impact of the use of digital devices on eyes during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic
Ugam Usgaonkar, SimranRajan Shet Parkar, Aksha Shetty
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2021; 69(7): 1901. CrossRef
Effect of Increased Use of Video Terminal on Eyes and Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic
Se-Jin Kim, Hyojin Kim
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society.2021; 26(2): 113. CrossRef
Influence of a smartphone use on dynamic balance in healthy adolescents
Marian M. Shafeek, Hanan Hosny M. Battesha, Amir N. Wadee, Hoda M. Ibrahim
Human Movement.2021; 23(2): 76. CrossRef
Trends in the Utilization of Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops, Including Disposable and Multiuse Forms, in South Korea: A 14-Year Longitudinal Retrospective Cohort Study
Kyung-Bok Son
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Smartphone Use and Effects on Tear Film, Blinking and Binocular Vision
Blanka Golebiowski, Jennifer Long, Kirsten Harrison, Abigail Lee, Ngozi Chidi-Egboka, Lisa Asper
Current Eye Research.2020; 45(4): 428. CrossRef
Do Sleep Disorders Positively Correlate with Dry Eye Syndrome? Results of National Claim Data
Kyu-Tae Han, Ji Nam, Eun-Cheol Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(5): 878. CrossRef
Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know
Sukanya Jaiswal, Lisa Asper, Jennifer Long, Abigail Lee, Kirsten Harrison, Blanka Golebiowski
Clinical and Experimental Optometry.2019; 102(5): 463. CrossRef
Prevalence of Dry Eye in Patients at the FESI Optometry Clinic, UNAM
Pedro Navarro Luna, Alicia Vázquez Mendoza, Javier Alonso Trujillo, Álvaro Édgar González Aragón Pineda, Óscar Antonio Ramos Montes
Ciencia y Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular.2019; 17(1): 11. CrossRef
Clinical Effects of Rg3 Ginseng Pharmacopuncture for Dry Eye Syndrome in Six Case Reports
Eun-jin Kang, Eun-young Park, Kyoung-min Kim
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2018; 39(5): 929. CrossRef
The effects of smartphone multitasking on gait and dynamic balance
Jeon Hyeong Lee, Myoung Hee Lee
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2018; 30(2): 293. CrossRef
The Change of Convergence Function of Convergence Insufficiency in Their Twenties after Doing Near Work Using a Smartphone
So Ra Kim, Si Yoon Park, Hye Jeong Yeo, Dae Yeon Kim, Ji Hye Jeong, Hyo Seon Jang, Jang Cheol Shin, Mijung Park
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Effects of visual fatigue caused by smartphones on balance function in healthy adults
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The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2017; 19(1): 41. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Cognitive Degree of Dry Eyes in Nursing Students
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The Effects of a Tailored Health Promotion Program on Self Efficacy, Health Problems and Quality of Life of Rural Residents: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh, Sang Min Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(4):523-534. Published online December 31, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identity the effects of a tailored health promotion program on rural residents' self efficacy, health problems and quality of life.
METHOD
Data were collected from May 13th, 2006 to July 29th, 2006. The subjects were selected at Gajo-myeon, Geochang-gun, Gyeonsangbuk-do, Korea. Forty three residents were included in the experimental group and 39 in the control group. The 12-week health promotion program was given to the experimental group. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi2-test, t-test and ANCOVA test with the SPSS/Win 12.0 program.
RESULT
The experimental group showed higher scores of self efficacy and quality of life than the control group, and a lower score of health problem than the control group.
CONCLUSION
From the above results, it can be concluded that the tailored health promotion program for rural residents is an effective intervention for improving their self efficacy and quality of life and reducing their health problems. Therefore, it is necessary to spread the tailored health promotion program for residents in other rural areas in Korea.

A Study on the Performance Level, the Awareness of the Importance, and Improvement of School Health Promotion Programs: Hyun Ju Ryu, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(1):123-135. Published online March 31, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was carried out to suggest methods for improving school health promotion programs by investigating the daily activities and the performance level of environment management, the awareness of importance, and opinions on the revision of and knowledge about laws and regulations related to school health promotion programs.
METHOD
The subjects of this study were 289 school nurses in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The survey used a questionnaire containing 90 questions developed by the present researcher. Data were collected from July 5 to July 21, 2006 and analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for Windows.
RESULT
1. Regular check-up and drinking water management got the highest score in performance level. Sexual health and drinking water management got the highest score in the awareness of importance. 2. School nurses were aware of laws and regulations related to their clients (0.93), and the revision opinion was high on the whole (3.58). 3. According to general characteristics, the more educated school nurse were (F=6.80, p=.001) and the fewer students their school had (F=4.66, p=.010), the higher their performance level in daily activities was. The shorter their career in their work was (F=4.86, p=.008), the fewer classes their school had (F=5.04, p=.007) and the fewer students their school had (F=3.83, p=.023), the higher their awareness of importance was. 4. There was not any difference in the performance level of environment management according to general characteristics. The awareness of importance was highest in school nurses with experience less then ten years (F=3.66, p=.027). 5. There was not any difference in knowledge about laws and regulations according to general characteristics. The revision opinion was high in school nurses at schools with less than 18 classrooms (F=6.04, p=.003) and less than 500 students (F=4.24, p=.015).
CONCLUSION
When school nurses perform school health promotion programs actively and vigorously, the students can be healthy and national health promotion can be actualized fundamentally.

A study Health problem and Perceived health status of the rural elderly: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2003;14(2):274-286. Published online June 30, 2003

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to provide a basic data that may help develop health promotion programs by identifying health problems and perceived health status of the rural elderly.
METHOD
The subjects of the study were 366 elders recruited from 24 villages located in Mari Myun, Geochang Gun, Korea. The sample was selected using a quota sampling method. The instruments used in the study included 117 items for health problems and 4 items for perceived health status. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and scheffe test using SPSS program.
RESULTS
1) The most prevalent health problem was ailments in 'musculoskeletal system', followed by 'fatigue', 'eyes and ears', 'genitourinary system', 'mood & temper patterns', 'cardiovascular system', 'digestive system', 'nervous system', 'respiratory system' and 'skin'. 2) Womens health problems were more prevalent than men's health problems. 3) The mean score of perceived health status was 7.68. 4) Health problems of the rural elderly were significantly correlated with demographic variables such as education (F=9.532, p=0.000), gender (t=-4.246, p=0.000), marital status (t=-3.531, p=0.000), family type (F=5.742, p=0.001), and occupation (t=3.356, p=0.001). 5) Perceived health status of the rural elderly was significantly correlated with demographic variables such as education (F=6.408, p=0.002), gender (t=2.949, p=0.003), marital status (t=0.802, p=0.034), family type (F=4.844, p=0.003), and occupation (t=-2.485, p=0.011). 6) Health problems of the rural elderly were significantly correlated with life style pattern variables such as drinking (F=5.223, p=0.006), smoking (F=4.087, p=0.007), salty food intake (F=3.424, p=0.034), greenish yellow vegetables intake (F=6.343, p=0.002) and fat food intake (F=5.327, p=0.005). 7) Perceived health status of the rural elderly was significantly correlated with life style pattern variables such as sleeping hours (F=3.966, p=0.020) and drinking (F=7.231, p=0.001).
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that nurses need to understand health problems and perceived health status of the rural elderly and to develop health promotion programs for them in the future in the consideration of regional and environmental elements.

A Comparative Study on a Health Promoting Lifestyle and Perceived Health Status between High and Low Income Elderly: Jeong Sook Park, Hae Ran Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2003;14(1):157-166. Published online March 31, 2003

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to investigate the needs for developing a health promotion program for the elderly, and to compare the health promoting behaviors and perceived health status between high and low income elderly.
METHOD
The data were collected from 80 high) income elderly and 84 low income elderly through face to face interviews. The instruments used in) this study were the Health Promoting Lifestyle ProfileII(HPLPII) and Perceived Health Status.
RESULTS
1) The total score of the HPLP for the elderly was 2.29. In the subscales, the highest degree of performance 'nutrition', following 'stress management', 'spiritual growth' and 'health responsibility' and the lowest degree of performance was 'physical activity'. 2) The high income level elderly had significantly higher total HPLP scores than the low income level elderly. The biggest difference was found in 'physical activity' between high) and low) income elderly. 3) The mean score of perceived health status was 8.21. The high) income elderly had significantly higher perceived health status than the low income elderly.
CONCLUSION
The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a health promotion program with reinforced physical activity, health responsibility for the elderly in Korea. In particular physical activity need to be increased for the low income elderly. The low income elderly need to have positive thinking for perceived health status.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Breast Self-Examination of Middle-aged Women in Korea: Hee Jung Jang, Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh, Young Hee Choi, Eun A Park, Choo Ja Chung; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(4):719-731. Published online December 31, 2002

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify knowledge attitude and practice of middle-aged women berast self-examination and to develop a breast self-examination promotion program for them.
METHOD
the subjects of the study were 365 middle-aged women in Seoul Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gueongbok, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk Gangwon and Kyonggi. The instruments used in this study included knowledge(16items) attitude (22item)by Chol (1996) and practice (1item) The data were collected from September 15 to October 31 2001 by using self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation coefficient chi2 test t-test ANOVA and Scheffe test with SPSS program.
RESULT
1) 78.4% of the subjects were educated for breast self-examination. The most common source of knowledge for the breast self-examination was mess media 2) The average score of knowledge on breast self-examination was 8.52 points. The average score of attitude toward breast self-examination was 3.08 points 58.3% of the subjects practiced breast self-examination. But only 9.4% of the subjects practiced breast self-examination with a monthly basis 3) Knowledge on breast self-examination was correlated with demographic variables including residence (F+2.923 p=0.004) education (F+5.145 p=0.000) number of children (F=5.125 p=0.002) and menopause (t=-2.330 p=0.020) Attitude toward breast self-examination was correlated with demographic variables including residence (F+3.611 p=0.000) age (F=2.731 p=0.029) education (F=4.480 p=0.004) and family income (f=5.963 p=0.003) Practice of breast self-examination was correlated with demographic variables including residence (chi2=51.342 p=0.000) education (chi2=19.896 p=0.000) and menopause (chi2=9.841 p=0.000) 4) In terms of correlations among the scores of breast self-examination related knowledge attitude and practice there was a correlation between knowledge and attitude. But there was no correlations between knowledge and practice and between attitude and practice of breast self-examination.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that programs about the practice of breast self-examination need to be developed in the future.

A Comparative Study on Health Promoting Behavior and Perceived Health Status between Koreans and Korean-Americans: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(2):399-409. Published online June 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop a future health promotion program through the comparison of health promoting behavior and perceived health status between Koreans and Korean-Americans.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 411 adults recruited from religious organizations located in the Yongnam area, Korea, and Chicago, U.S.A. The instruments used in the study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist & Pender (1995), and the Health Self Rating Scale designed by North Illinois University. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANCOVA, ANOVA and Duncan test with the SPSS program.
RESULTS
1) The mean HPLP score was 2.26 in Koreans and 2.43 in Korean-Americans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 2) In subscales of HPLP, both groups showed the highest practices in 'interpersonal relationship' and the lowest practices in 'physical activity'. 3) The mean score of perceived health status was 2.26 in Koreans and 2.43 in Korean-Americans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 4) Health promoting behavior was significantly different by family income in Koreans, but significantly different by age and family income in Korean-Americans. 5) Perceived health status was significantly different by family income and marital status, but significantly different by age, education, and family income. 6) The HPLP was not correlated with perceived health status in Koreans, but positively correlated with perceived health status in Korean-Americans.
CONCLUSION
The study findings suggest a need to develop a health promotion program, in which physical activity and stress management for Koreans and Korean-Americans are emphasized, and cultural and environmental elements are considered, for better understanding of their health related issues.

An Analysis of Nursing Research on Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, Reported in Korea from 1980-2001: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh, Hee Jung Jang, Young Hee Choi, Eun A Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(2):363-375. Published online June 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to analyze the trend of research on cancer prevention and early detection in Korea, in order to suggest a future direction of research on cancer prevention and early detection for Koreans.
METHODS
A total of 97 studies published from 1980 to 2001 were analyzed according to the year of publication, research design, journal type, cancer type, major study concepts, and findings.
RESULTS
1) The number of studies related to cancer prevention and early detection had increased rapidly since the year 1995. 2) The most frequently used research design in the studies was the descriptive study design (55.7%). 3) There were 10 master's theses on cancer prevention and early detection, and 10 studies published in the Korean Epidemiology Journal. 4) When classified by the published field, 47 studies (48.5%) were published in nursing journals, 46 studies (47.4%) were published in medical journals, and 4 studies (4.1%) were published in public health journals. 5) The major topics of the studies were cancer prevention (51.5%), early detection (44.4%), and cancer prevention and early detection (4.1%). 6) Breast cancer was the most largely addressed issue in the studies (N=25; 25.7%), followed by lung cancer (N=23; 23.7%), hepatoma (N=17; 17.5%), gastric cancer (N=16; 16.5%), other general type of cancer (N=6; 6.2%), colorectal cancer (N=5; 5.2%) and cervical cancer (N=5; 5.2%).
CONCLUSION
It is suggested that there should be more studies on cancer prevention and early detection in the future, and, particularly, experimental studies to exam the effects of intervention on cancer prevention and early detection are considered necessary.

Health Promoting Lifestyle of Korean Immigrants in the U.S.A: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2001;12(2):491-504. Published online September 30, 2001

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to identify the health promoting lifestyle of Korean immigrants and to develop the health promotion program for Korean immigrants.
METHOD
The subject of the study were 207 adults chosen from Korean religious organizations located in Chicago area. The instrument used in this study was Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile(HPLP) by Walker, Sechrist & Pender(1995). The data were collected between August 1 and October 20, 2000 by using self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of data was done by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS program.
RESULT
1) The average score of performance in the health promoting lifestyle 2.43 scores. In the subscales, the highest degree of performance was 'spiritual growth', following 'nutrition', 'interpersonal relationship', 'stress management' and 'health responsibility' and the lowest degree of performance was 'physical activity'. 2) Health promoting lifestyle was significantly correlated with such demographic variables as age (F=2.659, p=.049), family income(F=4.696, p=.027), subjective health status(F=3.882, p=.005), the frequency of pray(F=9.442, p=.000), the frequency of reading the bible(F=8.584, p=.000) and years of residence in the US(F=4.273, p=.015). 3) Health promoting lifestyle was significantly predicted by the frequency of pray, subjective health status, current working status, taking medication, level of education and family income. These variables explained 27.4% of variance of health promoting lifestyle.
CONCLUSION
The above findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a health promotion program facilitating exercise and enhancing health responsibility for Korean immigrants. It is suggested that the comparative study to identify the differences and similarities between Korean immigrants in the U.S.A. and Korean residents in Korea.

The Relationships of Blood Pressure with Dietary Habit and Level of Physical Fitness of Middle-aged Male Workers by Age: Kyung Min Park, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2000;11(1):105-116. Published online June 30, 2000

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of blood pressure with dietary habit and level of physical fitness of middle-aged male workers by age. The study subjects included 511 male employees who have worked at a company in C City, whose age was more than 40 years old. Between April 10 and May 30. 1998, all of the study subjects measured physical fitness (Balance, strength, power, agility, flexibility and endurance) and blood pressure. A questionnair was administered for dietary habit and socio-demographic characteristics. The average age (SD) of the study subjects was 46.61(3.98) years. The study subjects were classified by age into 3 groups; 40-44 aged group(34.6%), 45-49 aged group(41.3%), and 50-54 aged group (24.1%). The score of dietary habit of 40-44 aged group was 69.77+/-5.82 that of 45-49 aged group was 69.77+/-5.83, and that of 50-54 aged group was 71.85+/-6.82(p=0.005). But age of health physical fitness tend to weaken in the age of 40-44. Systolic(p=.011) and Diastolic blood pressure (p=.011) were significantly increased with age increment. Diastolic blood pressure and dietary habit of 45-49 aged group showed the significant negative-correlation(r=.280. P<0.05). and Diastolic blood pressure and age of health physical fitness of 40-44 aged group showed the significant positive-correlation(r=.182. P<0.05). On the basis of the results of this study. I hope occupational nurses should play an active role to improve dietary habit and physical fitness for prevention of hypertension with increase of age in middle-aged male workers.

A Survey on the Work Stress, Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Strategy and Job Satisfaction in Clinical Nurse: Hae Ju Yang, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(2):533-549. Published online December 31, 1998

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Abstract PDF: This descriptive study was designed to measure the degrees of work stress and job satisfaction and use interpersonal conflict resolution strategy as an attempt to provide clinical nurses basic data to develop strategies releasing work stress and improving job satisfaction. These data were collected from 367 clinical nurses working in 9 hospitals nation-wide from May 1, to June 30, 1998. A structured questionaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included Kim and Koo's work stress scale, Lee's interpersonal conflict resolution strategy scale and a Minesota satisfaction questionnaire. Data analysis was done by the use of the SAS computer program with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Cronbach-alpha. The results were as follows 1. The mean score of work stress for the subjects was 4.34(SD=0.64). The highest scored reasons for work stress were 'inadequate com pensation' 4.93(SD=0.86), 'lack of professional knowledge and skill' 4.70(SD=0.92) and 'unsatisfactory relationship with superior authorities' 4.63(SD=0.97). The lowest scored reasons were 'unsatisfactory relationship with inferior staff' 3.72(SD=1.02), 'inadequate mechanical environment' 3.72(SD=1.11) and 'interpersonal problems' 3.85 (SD=1.06), The work stress in clinical nurses differed significantly depending on the hospital type (F=4.00, p=0.0082). 2. The clinical nurses used compromise(45.1%) as the best interpersonal conflict resolution strategy. The second was collaboration(32.8%), the third accomodation(14.2%), the forth avoidance(4.2%) and the fifth competition(3.6%). 3. The item score of job satisfaction of the subject was 3.00(SD=0.43). The job satisfaction in clinical nurses differed significantly depending on age(F=5.67, p=0.0000), marital status(t=-1.89, p=0.0511), academic career(F=5.84, 0.0001), official position (F=7.38, p=0.0001), and work career(F=6.33, p=0.0001). 4. The result of the analysis of relationship between work stress and job satisfaction was significant(r=-0.34, p=0.0000). In conclusion, it was found that work stress was very high in clinical nurses. They used interpersonal conflict resolution strategies to release their interpersonal problems and to increase their job satisfaction. Therefore, adequate stress management for clinical nurses will provide them with higher job satisfaction and hence lead to more qualitified nursing care.

A Study of the Construction of Nursing Theory in Korean Culture: View of Medicine: Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(1):143-162. Published online June 30, 1998

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Abstract PDF: This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, chi2-test, t-test, F-test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t=-2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p=0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F=7.76, p=0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents (t=-2.73, p=0.0305), men(t=-4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F=70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p=0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.

Analysis of Church based parish nursing activities in Teagu city: Chung Nam Kim, Jeong Sook Park, Young Sook Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(2):384-399. Published online December 31, 1996

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Abstract PDF: The concept of parish nursing began in the late 1960s in the United States when increasing numbers of churches employed registered nurses (RNs) to provide holistic, preventive health care to the members of their congregations. Parish nursing role was developed in 1983 by Lutheran chaplain Granger Westberg, and provides care to a variety of church congregation of various denominations. The parish nurse functions as health educator, counselor, group facilitator, client advocate, and liaison to community resources. Since these activities are complementary to the population-focused practice of community health CNSs, parish nurses either have a strong public health background or work directly with both baccalaureate-prepared public health nurses and CNSs. In a Midwest community in U.S.A., the Healthy People 2000(1991) objectives are being addressed in health ministries through a coalition between public health nurses and parish nurses. Parish nursing is in the beginning state in Korea and up untill now, there has been no research was conducted on concrete role of korean parish nurses. The main purpose of this study was to identify, classify and analyze activities of parish nurses. The other important objective of this study was to establish an effective approach and direction for parish nursing and provide a database for korean parish nursing model through analysis and classification of the content of the nursing record which included nursing activities. This study was a descriptive survey research. The parish nurses were working in churches where the demonstration project developed on parish nursing. The study was done on all nursing records which were working in churches where the demonstration project developed on parish nursing. The study was done on all nursing records which were documented by parish nurses in three churches from March, 1995 to February, 1996. Namsan, Taegu Jeei and Nedang presbyterian churches in Taegu and Keimyung nursing college incooperated together for the parish nursing demonstration project. The data analysis procedure was as follows: First, a record analysis tool was developed and second, the data was collected, coded and analyzed, the classification for nursing activities was developed through a literature review, from which the basic analysis tool was produced and cotent validity review was also done. The classification of the activities of parish nurses showed 7 activitity categories. 7 activity categories consisted of visitation nursing, health check-ups, health education, referring, attending staff meetings, attending inservices and seminar, volunteers coordinating. The percentage of activities were as follows: Visitation nursing(A: 51.6%, B: 55%, C: 42.6%) Health check-ups(A: 13.5%, B: 12.1%, C: 22.3%) Health education(A: 13.5%, B: 13.2%, C: 18.2%) Referring(A: 1.4%, B: 4.2%, C: 2.4%) Attending staff meeting(A: 18.8%, B: 13.0%, C: 12.2%) Attending inservices and seminar(A: 1.5%, B: 2.2%, C: 2.1%) Volunteers coordinating(A: 0.3%, B: 0.4%, C: 0.0%) To establish and develope parish nursing delivery network in Korea, parish nurses role, activities and boundaries of practice should be continuously monitored and refined every 2 years. Also, It is needed to develope effective nursing recording system based on the need assessment research data of various congregation members. role, activities and boundaries of practice and arrangement of the working structure, continuing education, cooperation with community resources and structuring and organizing parish nursing delivery network. Also, It is needed to develope effective nursing recording system based on the need assessment research data of various congregation members.

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